Introducing three pieces added to some manuscripts Shahnameh

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Associate Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Vali-e-asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran.

10.30465/cpl.2024.48285.3288

Abstract

Abstract
due to the importance of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, its manuscripts have always been used by its scribes or owners since the distant past. There are many reasons for that. An example of the involvement of these people was writing narrations that were added to the text for various reasons. The number of these short and long narrations is so great that today we know very few manuscripts of the Shahnameh that do not contain these additions. In recent years, with the quantitative and qualitative growth of epic researches, many additional narrations of the Shahnameh have been identified and introduced, however, sometimes in some manuscripts, there are other added narrations that have not been paid attention to. In this article, we will first examine the researches that introduced and criticized the supplementary narratives of the Shahnameh, then three supplementary narratives of the story of Tahmurt's battle with the Diwan, "Jamshid's marriage with the daughter of the Shah of India" and sending the Khaqan of China to Zabulistan as a captive, which entered some We will introduce the manuscripts of the 9th century and examine them.
Keywords:
Scriber, manuscripts of the Shahnameh, traditions additions, oral traditions
 
Introduction
Ferdowsi's Shahnameh has always been the focus of Iranians because of its importance in the promotion of Iranian culture and literature, since the fifth and sixth centuries of Hijri, the Shahnameh found many lovers and was written and reproduced in different cities of Iran. Usually the scribes, readers of the Shahnameh and the owners of the copies used various motives in the text of this work and did not respect the trust, for example, sometimes the scribes reached the conclusion based on their cultural familiarity or reservations while writing that
This verse or the narration of the Shahnameh has died, or the copy from which they copied it is incomplete. At this time, they were editing, adding and reducing verses or sometimes hadiths. Some of the scribes had a natural talent for writing poetry, and by reading Ferdowsi's glorious poems, they would be under the influence of the poet's words and would be delighted.
In some cases, these people would put the stories that they had read somewhere or heard from narrators into poetic order and put them in the appropriate parts of the Shahnameh. Thus, the version in which verses or fragments were added in the margins became the basis for writing a new version. and the new scribe also took the same verses and parts from the margin into the text, and in this way some manuscripts of the Shahnameh The additions of others would fill up.
 
 
Method
In this article, we introduce some additional narratives in some manuscripts of the Shah Nameh and examine and analyze them with an analytical method and a library method.
 
Discussion
Some copywriters and readers of the Shahnameh, because of the great interest they had in this book, wherever they imagined the story needed detail, and Ferdowsi has gone through it with brevity, or a verse about a certain person or scene is empty, verses and They wrote narrations of their own and added to the written or dedicated version. Apart from this intimacy with the Shahnameh and the feeling of closeness to it, two other reasons have been effective in the emergence of these additions. One is Ferdowsi's reference to the 60,000 verses of the Shahnameh and as a result of the efforts of writers and readers to reach this number of verses, the other is the perception or desire of the general public of Iran in our literary past that every heroic verse was written in a converging poetic method, a poem. It is Ferdowsi, and as a result of including these short and long narrations in some manuscripts of the Shahnameh, by carefully examining the manuscripts of the Shahnameh, we can say: what was added to these manuscripts includes three categories:

Short and long stories
Non-fiction consecutive verses
One or two bits for different motivations.

 
Conclusion
The importance of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh among the people of Iran and their increasing intimacy with this book led to the fact that, in the past, some writers and owners of its manuscripts, wherever they thought, was a brief story and needed to be detailed. they sang And they would add to the manuscript of the book or their own. Also, Ferdowsi's reference to the Shahnameh having sixty thousand verses on the one hand, and also the existence of this belief among the mass of people that every heroic poem that is written in a poetic style is written by Ferdowsi, due to gradualness, a number of heroic poems and Also, short and long narrations have been written and added to Shahnameh manuscripts. Among these narratives, we can point to three narratives of Tahmurt's battle with Sieh "goblin", "Jamshid's marriage with the daughter of the Shah of India and the birth of Abtin" and "the Khaqan of China being sent to Zabulestan as a captive and his release as a pawn". Manuscripts of the 9th century have been added and the reason for this addition was more detail of the Shahnameh stories or disambiguation of some of them. Since these three narrations have not been found in the known heroic texts, probably all three narrations were influenced by oral narrations, and they were famous in the past, but they have not reached us today.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

 
Aydenloo, Sajjad, (1384), This Verse is Not from Ferdowsi, The Book of the Month of Literature and Philosophy,   No. 97, pp. 50-55. [In Persian]
Aydenloo, Sajjad, (1390), Khosravan's book, Selected Shahnameh of Ferdowsi, Tehran: Sokhan. [in Persian]
Aydenloo, Sajjad, (1396), A. "Some Narrative and Oral Narratives in the Annexes to the Copies and Prints of the                      Shahnameh", Nim Pukhteh Toranj, Tehran: Sokhan. [in Persian]
Aydenloo, Sajjad, (1396), B. "The tree that grew bitter created him...", Nim Pukhte Toranj, Tehran: Sokhn, pp. 449- 469. [In Persian]
Aydenloo, Sajjad, (1396), C. "About the Verse: That Rostam was a warrior in Sistan", in Hazrat Simorq, Tehran: Dr                 Mahmoud Afshar Endowment Foundation, pp. 423-428. [In Persian]
Aydenloo, Sajjad, (1397), "Rejection of the Originality of Some Verses Attributed to Ferdowsi in virtual     space/networks", Bukhara, No. 125, pp. 224-234. [In Persian]
Aydenloo, Sajjad, (1398), A. "The world is Raised and Lowly in you (Discussion About a Verse Attributed to                            Ferdowsi)", Research Poem, No. 11, 2st issue, pp. 1-30. [In Persian]
Aydenloo, Sajjad, (1398), B. "About some verses attributed to Ferdowsi", The Mirror of Heritage, No. 17, 1st issue, Serial 64, pp. 9-39. [In Persian]
Anjavi Shirazi, Seyed Aboulqasem, (1369), Ferdowsi nameh, 3 volumes, Tehran: Elmi. [In Persian]
Asadi Tusi, (1354), Garshaspnameh, By Effort Habib Yaghmaei, Tehran: Tahuri. [In Persian]
Azarborzin Nameh, (1400), Revised by Reza Ghafouri, Tehran: Quqnos. [in Persian]
Bahar, Mohammad Taqi, (1379), Ferdowsi nameh, By Effort Mohammad of Golban, Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance Printing and Publishing Organization. [In Persian]
Davis, Dick, (1402), "Additions and Appendices of the Shahnameh: An Introductory Typology", translated by Masoud            Jafari Jazi, a researcher of the ancient letter, By efforts of Sajjad  Aidenloo, Salman Saket, Reza Ghafouri,                              Tehran: Khamosh. [In Persian]
Ferdowsi, Abulqasem, (1312), Shahnameh Ferdowsi, By Effort Mohammad Ramezani, Tehran: Khavar. [In Persian]
Ferdowsi, Abulqasem, (1380), Shahnameh Ferdowsi, Revised by Maleko al Shoara Bahar, By effort Ali Mir Ansari, Tehran: Eshtehad. [In Persian]
Ferdowsi, Abulqasem, (1386), Shahnameh, Revised by Jalal Khaleghi Motlagh, (Volume 6 Revised by Mahmoud                    Omidsalar, Volume 7 Revised by Abolfazl Khatibi) Tehran: Center for Islamic Encyclopaedia. [In Persian]
Ferdowsi, Abulqasem, (1394), Shahnameh. Edited by Jalal Khaleghi Motlagh, Tehran: Sokhan. [In Persian]
Ferdowsi, Abulqasem, (1829). Shahnameh. By Tuner Macan, Calcutta: Baptist Mission press. [In English]
Ferdowsi, Abulqasem, (?), Shahnameh, Mannuscript No. 5174, Tehran University Library. [in Persian]
Ferdowsi, Abulqasem, (?), Shahnameh, Mannuscript No. 8, Heidelberg University Library. [in Persian]
Ferdowsi, Abulqasem, (?), Shahnameh, Mannuscript No. PPN 671782010, Berlin University Library. [in Persian]
Ghafouri, Reza, (1399), "Gershasp's Brilliance in some Manuscripts of the Shahnameh", Ayane Miras, No. 18,                           Number 1, pp. 203-221. [In Persian]
Gharib, Mehdi, (1357), "The Myth of Fire", Shahnameh Science, Volume 1, Tehran: Ferdowsi Shahnameh                                 Foundation, pp. 170-186. [In Persian]
Gharib, Mehdi, (1369), A. "Gershasp's reign in the Shahnameh?", Rereading the Shahnameh, Tehran: TOS, pp. 167- 195. [In Persian]
Gharib, Mehdi, (1369), B. "Introduction to Ferdowsi's Shahnameh", Rereading Shahnameh, Tehran: Tos, pp. 138-39.               [In Persian]
Iranshan ebn-e Abi al-Khair, (1377), Kush Nameh, Revised by Jalal Matini, Tehran: Elmi. [In Persian]
Khaleghi Motlagh, Jalal, (1364), "Introduction and Evaluation of some Shahnameh manuscripts", Iran Nameh, No.                   11, pp. 378-406. [In Persian]
Khaleghi Motlagh, Jalal, (1372), Gol Ranjhaye Kohan, By effort Ali of Dehbashi, Tehran: Markaz. [In Persian]
Khaleghi Motlagh, Jalal, (1398), Phonology of Shahnameh, Tehran: Dr Mahmoud of Afshar Endowment Foundation.              [In Persian]
Khatibi, Abolfazl, (1394), "Critical Review of the most Important Parts and Supplementary Verses of the Shahnameh",           Supervisor: Zahra Parsapour, Ph.D. Thesis of Persian language and literature, Research Institute of                Humanities and Cultural Studies. [In Persian]
Khatibi, Abolfazl, (1395), Did Ferdowsi insult Mahmoud Ghaznavi?, Tehran: Pardis of Danesh. [In Persian]
Masrour, Hosein, (1344), "Fake poems in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh", Vahid, No. 25, pp.17-21. [In Persian]
Me and Rostam and Mace and Afrasiab, (1390), Seyyed Hosein Mirkazemi, Gorgan: Azhineh. [In Persian]
Minowi, Mojtaba, (1353), "Old manuscripts should be the criterion for correcting literary texts", Collection of Lectures           of the first and second week of Ferdowsi, By effort Hamid Zarrin Koob, Mashhad: Ferdowsi University, pp.           244-263. [In Persian]
Mol, Jul, (1354), Preface to Shahnameh, translated by Jahangir Afkari, Tehran: Pocket Books Organization. [In                         Persian]
Noldeke, Theodore, (1384), The National Epic of Iran, Translated by Bozorg of Alavi, Tehran: Negah. [In Persian]
Rostam Nameh, (1387), Revised by Mohammad Beheshti, Tehran: Piri. [In Persian]
Rozbahan, Siavash, (1355), "The Quality of Increase and Decrease of Narrations and Verses of Shahnameh", Simorgh,            No. 25, pp. 73-83. [In Persian]
Sediqian, Mahindokht, (1386), Mythological-epic culture of Iran, Vol. 1, Tehran: Research Institute of Humanities                   and Cultural Studies. [In Persian]
Serkarati, Bahman, (1385), "Rostam's Ancestor's Mace", Hunted Shadows, Tehran: Tahuri, pp.113- 123. [In Persian]
Seven armies, (1377), Reviseds by Mehran Afshari- Mehdi Madaini, Tehran: Research Institute of Humanities and                   Cultural Studies. [In Persian]
Shahnameh of Haft Lashkar, (1400), Reviseds by Mohammad Jafari (Qanvati) - Zahra Mohammad Hasani Saghiri,                   Tehran: Khamosh. [In Persian]
Shahnameh of Naqqalan, (1396), Tomar Murshid Abbas Zariri Isfahani, edited by Jalil Dostkhah, Tehran: Quqnos.                   [In Persian]   
 Tafazoli, Ahmed, (1384), "Abatin", Encyclopedia of Persian Language and Literature, Vol. 1, Tehran: Persian                           Language and Literature Academy. [In Persian]
Tahamtan nameh, (1401), Proofreading and Research by Reza Ghafouri, Tehran: Dr Mahmoud Afshar Endowment                  Foundation. [In Persian]
Tomar e Jameh e Naqali Shahnameh, (1396), Revised by Farzad Qaemi, Mashhad: Beh Nashr. [In Persian]
Tomar e Kohan e Shahnameh e Ferdowsi, (1390), By effort Jamshid of Sedaqat Nezhad, Tehran: Donyaie Ketab. [In                Persian]
Tomar e Naqali e Shahnameh, (1391), By effort Sajjad Aydenloo, Tehran: Beh Negar. [In Persian]
Tomar e Shahnameh e Ferdowsi, (1381), By efforts Ahmad Hashemi- Seyed Mostafa Saeidi, Tehran: Khosh Negar.                  [In Persian]
Yarshater, Ehsan, (1383). "National History of Iran". Cambridge History of Iran, volume 3, part 1, translated by Hasan            Anousheh, Tehran: Amir Kabir. [In Persian]
 
 
 
 
Classical Persian Literature
Volume 16, Issue 1 - Serial Number 40
Spring & Summer
August 2025

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics