Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1
Ph.D. Candidate of Persian Language and Literature, Alzahra University. Tehran. Iran.
2
Associate Professor, Department of Persian language and literature, Alzahra University. Tehran. Iran.
3
, Department of Persian language and literature Alzahra university. Tehran. Iran
Abstract
The application of fables over time to social and historical places, discourse systems or the creativity of their narrators have been associated with changes and developments in structural components. This article seeks to answer the question of what changes the character of the fox has had in the tales of the 3rd to 9th centuries and what effect this change has had on the story's narrative.33 anecdotes from 19 books have been selected from the 3rd to the 9th century and analyzed based on the general view of structuralist narratologists Especially Bermon's ideas. Most of the stories start from a state of imbalance. The fox not only plays an active and pivotal role in the stories, against other characters (rooster, duck, crow, wolf, lion, and snake); but also undergoes a transformation from a negative to a positive personality. In some books of the 6th century, we are faced with differences in the character of the fox, and the cunning and self-interested fox sometimes turns into a resourceful, wise and deceived figure, and sometimes becomes a cunning savior. This animal, influenced by the flow of mysticism and Sufism, realizes more inner values; Also, he distanced himself from the animal form and took on human roles such as ministry and guarding.
Keywords: Narrative-structuralist, fable, evolution character, fox, Claud Bremond
Introduction
Allegory in stories is a reflection of the discourse system and dominant thought in the society. The creativity of the narrators creates interesting changes in the narrative according to the discourse space and personal goals and beliefs. According to the author's class level and the target society, the stories can be a reflection of the court power structure, represent mystical ideas and concepts, or introduce the common people in moral and cultural fields.
The animal character represented in the stories undergoes a transformation due to several factors, both in speech and behavior, in relation to other animals or humans in the story, and in the communication of symbolic themes. The fox is one of the most used characters in Iranian fables. Obviously, this character represented in the course of Iranian discourse developments is the same in some of its characteristics and with changes in others.
Despite numerous researches, the development of animal characters in the historical course has not been discussed so far. Because animal characters, including the fox, are an allegory of groups and people with mentality and attitude and social classes. The importance of this research is that it can determine the course of thinking through the allegory of animal characters.
Materials and method
Anecdotes have many examples. In this article, the statistical population is limited to seven centuries from the 3rd to the 9th century. The books in which the stories of animals are used were reviewed and the stories in which the fox plays a role were extracted. In total, about 19 books and 32 anecdotes with the character of the fox were obtained. Due to the fact that structuralism pays attention to its structural components and its function and also considers extratextual components, structuralist narratology was used for analysis, and among them, Claude Bermon's theories on the analysis of the narrative course of the story and the function of the character of the fox It was used in the story. In the course of history, according to different discourses and personal taste and style of Poets and writers, the social roles and characteristics of the fox have been analyzed and by comparing the data, the changes in the personality of the fox have been investigated.
Discussion
According to Bermon's theory, the initial state, change and transformation and the state resulting from the transformation can be seen in the stories of animals in which the fox plays a role. This animal character plays a central role in all the stories with his speech and actions. Fox's characters traits can be seen in its intelligence and tact and its signs such as eloquence and interaction with other animals such as turtles, ducks, etc.
From the 3rd century to the 9th century, there is court and political, mystical, social and common discourse. According to each discourse, there are social roles and concepts and ideas that are reflected in the fables centered on the character of the fox. Based on this, political roles such as minister and lieutenant of the king are used for the fox. In mystical thought, he knows the value of the heart, and in social and common discourse, fox is a teaching mother. In folk and social or political stories, he tries to maintain his position. In some stories, the personal goal is not important for him, but benefiting others, including humans, is his goal.
Result
With social changes and diversity of beliefs and styles, we are faced with the court fox, the fox who plays mystical roles, and the fox who represents the common people.
This animal character sometimes represents a power struggle and sometimes participates in understanding the universe and sometimes represents social roles and moral issues.
The character of the fox in some discourses is positive and valuable, such as a mystic who knows the heart and a wise man who defends his life, and sometimes he is a negative character and the basis of his work is trickery and deception.
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