Introduction of Mosarrahat ul-asmā’ dictionary

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Faculty member, Lexicography Department, Academy of Persian Language and Literature, Tehran, Iran.

2 Professor ‚Department of Persian Language and Literature‚ Payam Noor university‚ Tehran‚ Iran.

3 Associate Professor ‚Department of Persian Language and Literature‚ Payam Noor university‚ Tehran‚ Iran

4 Assistant Professor ‚Department of Persian Language and Literature‚ Payam Noor university‚ Tehran‚ Iran.

Abstract

Mosarrahat ul-asmā’ is a bi-lingual dictionary‚ Arabic to Persian‚ written by Lotfullah ebn abi Yousef Halimi‚ ottoman lexicographer and philologist of the ninth and beginning of the tenth century AH (15 century AD). This book written in 872 AH (14۶۶ AD) ‚ has nearly 17112 headwords, considering some of their Turkish equivalents (nearly 1180 headwords), we can somehow call it a tri-lingual Arabic to Persian and Turkish dictionary. Considering to emersion of this kind of dictionaries in the ninth-century‚ we can enumerate Mosarrahat ul-asmā’ as a pioneer in this field.In addition to carrying a variety of definition language, we can mention other features of this book including: presenting a comprehensive and complete definition of some headwords which is distincting from similar dictionaries, recording Arabization (to indicate pronunciation) of some of the Persian and sometimes Turkish equivalents that display outdated pronunciation of words, their local dialect or Turkish dialect, Using some rare and alternative pronunciation of words that represent their phonetic changes, Using rare and compound words, recording specialized medical words.
Keywords: Old lexicography‚ Mosarrahat ul-asmā’‚ Lotfullah Halimi‚ linguistic features‚ rare words.              
Mosarrahat ul-Asmā’ is a bi-lingual Arabic to-Persian dictionary‚ written by Lotfullah ebn abi Yousef Halimi‚ ottoman lexicographer and philologist of the ninth and beginning of the tenth century AH (15 century AD). This book written in 872 AH (1466 AD) ‚ has nearly 17112 headwords, considering some of their Turkish equivalents (nearly 700 headwords), we can somehow call it a tri-lingual Arabic to Persian and Turkish dictionary. Considering this kind of dictionary emersion in the ninth-century‚ we can enumerate Mosarrahat ul-Asmā’ as a pioneer in this field.
This book is the result of the authorship of the lexicographer who has written several dictionaries; including Bahr ul-gharā’eb, Loghat-e Halimi, Nesār ul-Malek, and Tohfat ul-Maghaddamat ul-loghat. Undoubtedly his long life, learning various sciences and being in important employment has had a great influence on the expansion of his lexical range, therefore this book is a precious treasure of Persian and Turkish words and combinations, valuable information about their meanings, phonetic, lexical developments and represents the skill of the author in the art of lexicography.
This dictionary‚ has nearly 17112 headwords arranged in alphabetical order based on the first and second letters. Considering the type of grammatical words in the Arabic language (Noun, Verb, and Preposition), these headwords are «Nouns». Headwords and their meanings are arranged in this book in the lexicography of the Ottoman land, such that Arabic headwords are written one after another and their meanings are arranged just right below it like a cross. The author has collected these headwords from books including Moghaddamat ul-Adab by Jār ul-llāh-e Zamakhshari and Assāmi fel Asāmi by Abulfath-e Meydāni and he added explanations to them obtained from the books including Assehāh by Jowhari, Jamharat ul-loghat by Ebn-e Dorayd, Mojmal ul-loghat by Ebn-e Fāres, Almerghāt by Adib-e Natanzi, Ghānun-e Adab by Abulfazl-e Habishi, etc.
The oldest accessible source which has mentioned Mosarrahat ul-Asmā’ is Anis ul-Fogha-hā by Ghasem ebn-e Abdollāh-e Ghownavi (dead 987 AH). He has introduced Mosarrahat ul-Asmā’ in his work beside famous dictionaries like Al’eyn by Khalil ebn-e Ahmad, Assehāh by Jowhari, Asās ul-Balāghe by Zamakhshari, Almasāder by AbuBakr-e Tanusi, etc, in the introduction chapter of the «Kotob ul-loqat».
This dictionary has unique stylistic and lexical features that after correcting and editing, as an old prose text and a reference book can be a suitable context for literary research and lexical references in various areas. The most important features of this book are:
«Features of lexicography»: Presenting the new methods of lexicography by comprehensive definitions in a way that the dictionary user grasps the proof of the meaning; Presenting various lexical information in every headword; Indicating short vowel sounds of the words; Using several types of plural and simple words; Recording synonyms of the word, etc.; Using the rare meanings of the words; Using the brevity in the term for abstaining from wordiness by shortening the sentence by making descriptive compounds.
« Lexical and phonetic features»: Recording the rare and compound words that have been used rarely in the texts; Recording the words with their old pronunciation that today are not pronounced like that anymore except in a few special Persian-speaking areas and both its old and modern pronunciations have been recorded in available dictionaries; Recording the words which their pronunciation is not available in any dictionary and there is a possibility that it is a dialect from certain regions or a Turkish accent if the scribe did not record it incorrectly; Recording the pronunciation of Turkish words, which represents the old pronunciation of Ottoman Turkish in the 9th century; Recording the Specialized words: Lotfullāh-e Halimi had skills in judgment, Islamic jurisprudence, medicine, poetry, prosody and rhyme, calligraphy, astronomy, etc. Therefore, this book is a valuable repository of specialized words in the aforementioned fields, especially medicine.
«Grammatical features»: Making new and rare compounds (composite words); Using nouns with their unnormal qualifying adjectives; Using the noun and its qualifying adjective inversely (following the Turkish language); Using the noun and its qualifying adjective like Arabic grammar.
Result: Mosarrahat ul-Asmā’ dictionary has unique stylistic and lexical features that highlight the necessity of correcting and printing this book. Fortunately, this book is under correction and final editing.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

’Onsor ul-Ma’āli , KeyKāvus ebn-e Eskandar (1345), GhabusNāme, by effort GholāmHoseyn-e Yousefi, Tehrān: Book translation and publishing institution (Bongāh-e Tarjome va Nashr-e Ketāb). [in Persian]
Adib-e Karamini, Ali ebn-e Mohammad ebn-e sa’id (1385), Takmelat ul- Asnāf, Edited by effort Ali Ravaghi and in collaboration with Zolaykhā Azimi, Tehran: Association of Cultural Works and Honors )Anjuman-e Āsār & Mafākher-e Farhangi(.[in Persian]
Aghābozorg-e Tehrāni, Muhammad-Mohsen (1983/1403), Azzari’e elā tasānifo ul- shi’ae, Beyrut: Dār ul- ’azvā.
Asadi Tusi, AbuMansur Ali ebn-e Ahmad (1897), Loghat-e Fors, by effort Pāvel Hern, Gotengen: Diterikh Printing press. [in Persian]
Baghdādi, Ismā’eil (?), Izāh ul- Maknun (felzeyl ’alā Kashfozzonun an asāmi ul- kotob & alfonun), by correction Mohammad Sharafoddin Palteghāpā and Raf’at Bigle kalisi, Beyrut: Dār ehyā’-e ’elm lelmollāyin. [in Arabic]
Baqdādi, Ismā’eil (۱۹۵۱), Hedyat ul- ’ārefin (Asmā’ ul- Mo’allefin & Āsār ul- Mosannefin) , Beyrut: Dār ehyā’-e altorās ul- arabi. [in Arabic]
Boruseli, MohammadTāher (1333), Osmāni Mo’allef-lari, Istānbul: ’Āmere printing press. [in Turkish]
Busine, Monji (1425/2004), Mowsu’at ul-’Olamā val-Odabā’elArab val-Moslemin, Beyrut: Dār ul-Jalil. [in Arabic]
Dādegan: Data search system of Academy of Persian Language and Literature: https://dadegan.apll.ir/ [in Persian]
Dehār, GhāziKhān Badr Mohammad (1349), Dastur ul-akhvān, by effort Sa’eid Najafi Asadullāhi, Tehrān: Center for Iran Culture. [in Persian]
Dehkhodā, AliAkbar (1377), LoghatNāme-ye Dehkhodā, Tehrān: LoghatNāme-ye Dehkhodā Institute. [in Persian]
Derāyati, Mustafā (1392), Union Catalogue of Mannuscripts of Iran (Fehrestegān-e noskhe-hāy-e Khatti-e Irān (Fatkhā)), Tehrān: National Library and Archives of I.R. Iran. [in Persian]
Ebne Balkhi (1921), Fārs-Nāme, by effort Gāy Lesterng & Reynold Elen Nikelson, Kambrig: Dar ul-Fonon Printing press. [in Persian]
Ebne Dorayd, Mohammad ebn-e Hasan (1987), Jamharat ul- loghat, by effort Dr. Ramzi Monir B’albaki, Beyrut: Dār ul- ’elm lelmollāyin. [in Arabic]
Ebn-e Manzur, Mohammad ebn-e Mukarram (1994/1414), Lesān ul-ʿArab, Beyrut: Dār ul- fekr leltebā’at & alnashr & altowzi’. [in Arabic]
Erkan‚ Mustafā (201۶)‚ «Halimi‚ Lotfullah»‚ Turkiye Diyanet Vakfı Islām Ansiklopedisi (TDV)‚ vol. 15, with two supplementary volumes published in. [in Turkish]
Ghonavi, Ghāsem ebn-e Abdollāh (1427), Anis ul-fogha-hā, by effort Ahmad ebn-e ’Abdorrazzāgh ul-kabisi, Riyāz: Dār-e ebn ul-Jowzi. [in Arabic]
Hāji Khalife, Mostafā ebn-e ’Abdollāh (?), Kashfozzonun an Asāmi ul- Kotob & Alfonun, Beyrut: Dār ehyā’-e altorās ul- arabi. [in Arabic]
Halimi, Lotfullāh (10/11 AD), Mosarrahat ul-asmā’, Mannuscript no. 3989, Central Library of University of Tehran. [in Persian]
Halimi, Lotfullāh (11/12 AD), Mosarrahat ul- asmā’, Mannuscript no. 3843, Central Library of University of Tehran. [in Persian]
Halimi, Lotfullāh (888), Mosarrahat ul-asmā’, Mannuscript no. 13824, Library of Islamic Consultative Assembly. [in Persian]
Halimi, Lotfullāh (90۶), Mosarrahat ul-asmā’, Mannuscript no. 980, Malek National Library and Museum. [in Persian]
Halimi, Lotfullāh (907), Mosarrahat ul-asmā’, Mannuscript no. 5505, Central Library of University of Tehran. [in Persian]
Halimi, Lotfullāh (?), Mosarrahat ul- asmā’, Mannuscript, Melburn Universiti Library. [in Persian]
Halimi‚ Lotfullah ebn-e Abu Yusuf (2013)‚ Loghat-e Halimi‚ hazirlayan/ Adem Uzun‚ Turk Dil Kurumu‚ Ankara. [in Turkish]
HasanDust, Mohammad (1393), Etymological dictoinary of Persian language (Farhng-e RisheShenākhti-e Zabān-e Fārsi), Tehran: Academy of Persian Language and Literature. [in Persian]
Jafari, Zahrā (1393), »Farhang-e Sho’ori«, Encyclopaedia of Persian Language and Literature (Dāneshnāme-ye Fārsi-ye Zabān-o Adab) , Vol: 5, Editor-in-Chief: Ismā’il-e Sa’ādat, Tehrān: Academy of Persian Language and Literature. [in Persian]
Jowhari, Ismā’il ebn-e Hammād (1984/1404), Assehāh (Tāj ul- loghat & sehāh ul- Arabiyyat), by effort Ahmad ’Abd ul- ghafur ’Attār, Beyrut: Dār ul- ’elm lelmollāyin. [in Arabic]
Kahhāle, ’OmarRezā (137۶), Mo’jam ul-mo’allefin, Beyrut: Dār Ehyā’ Attorās ul-’Arabi. [in Arabic]
Kamus-i Turki: https://turki.cagdassozluk.com. [in Turkish]
Kātebi, Ali (1389), »Halimi Lotfollāh ebn-e Yousof«, Encyclopedia of Islamic World, Vol. 14, Editor-in-Chief: GholāmAli Haddād-e ’Adel, Tehrān: Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia. [in Persian]
Kufi, Ali ebn-e Hāmed (1384), Fath-Nāme, by effort ’Omar ebn-e Mohammad Dāvoud Poute, Tehrān: Asātir. [in Persian]
Kurdi-e Neyshāburi, Adib Yaghub (1355), Ketab Albolghe, by effort Mojtabā Minowvi and Firouz-e Harirchi, Tehrān: Center for Iran Culture. [in Persian]
Majdi Afandi, Mohammd (12۶9), Hadā’egh ul-shaghāyegh, by effort HājAli AfAndi, Istānbul: Āmere Printing press. [in Turkish]
 Meydāni, Abulfath ebn-e Mohammad (1345), Assāmi fel Asāmi, by effort Ja’far-e Shahidi, Tehrān: Center for Iran Culture. [in Persian]
Meydāni, Abusa’d Sa’eid ebn-e Ahmad (1377), Alasmā fel Asmā’, by effort Ja’far-Ali Omidi Najaf-Ābādi, Tehrān: Osve. [in Persian]
Mohammad ebn-e ’Abdol-Khālegh, Ebn-e Ma’rouf (1392), Kanz ul-loghāt dictionary, by effort Rezā ’Alavi, Tehrān: Mortazavi. [in Persian]
Monzavi, Ahmad (1350), List of Persian manuscripts, Tehrān: Regional cultural institute. [in Persian]
Monzavi, Ali-Naghi (1337), Arabic to Persian dictionaries, Tehrān: Tehrān University. [in Persian]
RashnuZāde, Bābak (1375 A), »Halimi«, Encyclopaedia of Persian Literature (Dāneshnāme-ye Adab-e Fārsi) (Persian Literature in Ānātoli and Bālkān), Vol: ۶, Editor-in-Chief: Hasan-e Anushe, Tehrān: Ministry of Culture and Islāmic Guidance. [in Persian]
RashnuZāde, Bābak (1375 B), »Persian Lexicography in Ānātoli and Bālkān«, Encyclopaedia of Persian Literature (Dāneshnāme-ye Adab-e Fārsi) (Persian Literature in Ānātoli and Bālkān), Vol: ۶, Editor-in-Chief: Hasan-e Anushe, Tehrān: Ministry of Culture and Islāmic Guidance. [in Persian]
RashnuZāde, Bābak (1375 C), »Mosarrahat ul-asmā’«, Encyclopaedia of Persian Literature (Dāneshnāme-ye Adab-e Fārsi) (Persian Literature in Ānātoli and Bālkān), Vol: ۶, Editor-in-Chief: Hasan-e Anushe, Tehrān: Ministry of Culture and Islāmic Guidance. [in Persian]
Rudaki, Abu ’Abdollāh Ja’far ebn-e Mohammad (1319), Biography and Poems of Abu ’Abdollāh Ja’far ebn-e Mohammad Rudaki-e Samarghandi (Vol.3), by effort Sa’eid-e Nafisi, Tehrān: Company of Adab bookstore. [in Persian]
 Sabbaghi, Ali (1390), »A Study on Method of bi and tri-lingual Arabic to Persian and Turkish dictionaries«, no. 11, Tehrān: Stylistics of Persian Verse and Porse (Bahār-e Adab). [in Persian]
Sādeghi, AliAshraf (1395), »Mohazzab ul-asmā’«, Encyclopaedia of Persian Language and Literature (Dāneshnāme-ye Fārsi-ye Zabān-o Adab) , Vol: ۶, Editor-in-Chief: Ismā’il-e Sa’ādat, Tehrān: Academy of Persian Language and Literature. [in Persian]
Sāheb ebn-e ’Abbād (1414/1994), Al-Mohit Fel-loghat, by effort Shikh MohammadHasan Āl-e Yāsin, Beyrut: Ālam ul-Kotob. [in Arabic]
Sepehr, MohammdTaghi (1383), Barāhin ul-’ajam (with margings and enclosures by Ja’far-e Shahidi), Tehrān: Tehrān University. [in Persian]
Sorayyā, Mohammad (1311), Sejell-e ’Osmāni (Biography of famous Ottoman people), Istānbul: ’Āmere printing press. [in Turkish]
Surābādi, Abubakr ’Atigh-e Neyshāburi (1338), Qur’ān Translation and Stories (Ghesse-hā va Tarjome-hā-e Ghor’ān), by effort Yahyā Mahdavi and Mehdi Bayāni, Tehrān: Tehrān University. [in Persian]
Teflisi, Abulfazl Habish ebn-e Ibrāhim (1350), ghānun-e Adab, Tehrān: Center for Iran Culture) Bonyād-e Farhng-e Irān(. [in Persian]
ZākerHoseyni, Mohsen (1383), »Halimi and His Lexicons«, Supplement no. 18 , Nāme-ye Farhangestān. [in Persian]
ZākerHoseyni, Mohsen (1384), »Bahr ul-gharā’eb«, Encyclopaedia of Persian Language and Literature (Dāneshnāme-ye Fārsi-ye Zabān-o Adab) , Vol: 2, Editor-in-Chief: Ismā’il-e Sa’ādat, Tehrān: Academy of Persian Language and Literature. [in Persian]
Zanji-e Sajzi, Mahmud ebn-e ’Omar (13۶4), Mohazzab ul-asmā’ (fi Morattab ul-horuf val-ashyā’), by effort MohammadHoseyn-e Mostafavi, Tehrān: ’Elmi & Farhangi. [in Persian]
? (19۶0), »men Masāder ul- tarikh ul- arabi belloqat el- fārsiyyat :Farhagnāme-hāye Arabi«, first year, no. 4 , Beyrut: Adderāsāt ul- Adabiyye magazine. [in Arabic]
?:(13۶7), Taj ul-Asāmi (Tahzib ul-Asmā’), by effort Ali Owsat Ibrāhimi, University Publication Center. [in Persian]
 
 
Classical Persian Literature
Volume 14, Issue 2 - Serial Number 37
Autumn & Winter
January 2024
Pages 43-75

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics