Examining the status and evolutions of proverb in proses styles of classical literature

In this study, with the aim of general study of the Place  and developments of proverbs in Persian prose styles, fifteen prominent prose books It has been analyzed in various subjects from the fifth to the ninth century AH. About The historical evolution of the use of proverbs, how they are used in the text, the relationship between Persian proverbs and Arabic proverbs and the authors' approach to them. In these centuries, all kinds of verses and hadiths, Common proverbs, sayings of elders, sages, mystics and poems of poet have entered prose in the form of proverbs. The results of the study of developments show: Historically, this is the evolution of proverbs, Morsal style (fifth century): beginning, Beynabeyn style (late fifth century): consolidation, technical style (sixth and seventh centuries): the golden age and the eighth and ninth century: the  Age of decline. Repetition without change, repetition with partial change, simile, the abandonment of some proverbs by changing styles are among the evolutions of proverbs in these centurie. The position of proverbs in the text is with a letter and a connecting sentence or without a connecting sentence. A large part of the structure of proverbs has remained unchanged with the change of styles, but some proverbs have been transformed with the change of styles.. Arabic proverbs along with Persian proverbs come in several ways: without translation, verbal translation, conceptual translation and equivalence. The personal style of the writers has been involved in the evolution of proverbs, and some of them have changed or rejected the proverbs in line with their ideas.
Keywords: proverbs, Persian proverbs, Arabic proverbs, prose texts, style, position, transformation.
Proverbs are an inseparable part of classical Persian literature that were used in different literary texts on different subjects in every century. Persian proverbs were used in texts before Islam and Arabic proverbs were one of the effects of Iranians' familiarity with Arabic language and literature, which after Islam appeared alongside Persian proverbs and became part of the proverbs and rulings of literature. In this study, with the aim of general study of the Place  and developments of proverbs in Persian prose styles, fifteen prominent prose books It has been analyzed in various subjects from the fifth to the ninth century AH which includesthe prose of Morsal, Beynabeyn, technical(Fani), artificial(Masno),comforting(Mosajeh) and simple styles. These books are among the most prominent works of Persian prose styles, which can be introduced as works of style. In the fifth century: Nasser Khosrow Qabadiani's travel book (Safarnameh), Abul Fazl Beyhaqi's Tarikh Beyhaqi, Sir al-Molok Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk Tosi, Qabusnama of the Onsorolmali Kikavous ibn Washmegir, Nowruzname Khayyam. In the 6th century: Kalila and Damna Nasrallah Manshi, Maghamat-e-Hamidi from Hamid al-Din Balkhi, al-Tussil to al-Trasal Baha al-Din Baghdadi and Raha al-Sadour Ravandi. In the 7th century: Naftha al-Masdur Nesavi, Marzban Namah Saad al-Din Varavini, Jahangashay Ata-Malik Juvayni and Golestan Saadi Shirazi, and in the 8th century: Akhlaq al-Ashraf Ubayd Zakani and in the 9th century: Baharestan Jami ,has been analyzed. The Statistical Society of the research is fifteen mentioned books, and the research method is based on library studies and writing an article in descriptive and analytical form. The main question of the research is what place proverbs had in different styles of classical literature and what changes they have undergone. Based on the main question, the following questions have been asked:

The frequency of Persian and Arabic proverbs in different styles, according to the historical course, what highs and lows has it gone through?
What is the position of proverbs and how they are used in different styles?
How are Arabic proverbs used in different styles along with Persian proverbs?
How are the stylistic evolutions of proverbs according to the attitude of writers in different styles?

According to the selected texts, the results of the investigation show: . In these centuries, all kinds of verses and hadiths, Common proverbs, sayings of elders, sages, mystics and poems of poet have entered prose in the form of proverbs. Historically, this is the evolution of proverbs, Morsal style (fifth century): beginning, Beynabeyn style (late fifth century): consolidation, technical style (sixth and seventh centuries): the golden age and the eighth and ninth century: the  Age of decline. The more difficult the prose style is, the more proverbs are present, and the simpler the prose, the less use of proverbs. over the centuries, proverbs have been used in every subject, and the diversity of proverbs in different subjects shows that proverbs have had a strong presence in the society of proverbs among people. More frequency of proverbs such as verses of the Qur'an have been repeated without change in different periods, these proverbs have appeared in every period and are among the common proverbs that are still used today. But in some styles proverbs have been made. In the period of technical and artificial style, the creation of proverbs is frequent, and writers with interest in the use of proverbs as a stylistic feature have created many proverbs, which are often abandoned after that period, and the abandonment of proverbs is one of its developments during these centuries. In these centuries, from the very beginning, Arabic proverbs have been used along with Persian proverbs ,In addition to Persian proverbs, there are several methods: without translation, verbal translation, conceptual translation and equivalence. The position of proverbs in the text is with a letter and a connecting sentence or without a connecting sentence. A large part of the structure of proverbs has remained unchanged with the change of styles. But some proverbs have evolved over the centuries with the change of styles, and they are different in the composition of the sentence, the choice of words, although they have been repeated in the same sense. The authors' approach to the use of proverbs has been involved in their evolution. Writers have contributed to proverbs, changing the structure of proverbs, rejecting or confirming proverbs. Some authors have used proverbs without any change, some have changed their structure, and some have changed or rejected proverbs in line with their own thoughts and have not accepted it.