Tracing 81 quatrains attributed to Rumi in previous sources

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Professor of Persian language and literature, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz , Iran

2 Ph.D. Persian language and literature - mystical literature,Azarbaijan Shahid Madni University, Tabriz-Iran

10.30465/cpl.2025.9299

Abstract

 
Based on the conducted research and also the views of researchers in the field of Persian quatrains, it has been confirmed that many quatrains from ancient sources have found their way among the quatrains attributed to mystic poets, including the quatrains attributed to Rumi. It is clear that doing any kind of research on the quatrains of each of the poets, before identifying the common quatrains, may lead to wrong results; As most of the researches done about Rumi's quatrains, due to the common quatrains that definitely exist in them, they are not of scientific validity.Therefore, following the previous research in tracing the quatrains of others in the quatrains attributed to Rumi, In this research, by examining the manuscripts and printed sources, we have also found other involved quatrains among Divan-e Kabir's quatrains, which belong to previous poets. Among these poets, Ohaddin Kermani, Attar Neishabouri and Afzaldin Kashani have the most number of Common quatrains in Divan-e Kabir.
Keywords: Divan-e Kabir, common quatrains, previous poets, previous sources, manuscripts.
Introduction:
Undoubtedly, one of the most important and fundamental topics in the field of literary criticism is the issue of correctness of attribution; Because before determining the correctness of attribution in each part of a literary work, any kind of research about it will be useless and will not have scientific validity. A critic must know how innovative the work he discusses and researches; And if in that work something from the works and books of others has been quoted in different forms, what are those works?
Materials & Methods:
More and more detailed investigations in the manuscripts and printed versions of divans of poets and earlier prose texts as well as poetry collections show that there are many common quatrains among these works, especially in the poet mystics works. There are, among the most important of them, we can point to the quatrains attributed to Rumi in Divan-e-Kabir, edited by Badi-ul-ZamanFaruzanfar. The eighth volume of this Divan contains 1983 quatrains. from the works and writings of Rumi, it can be seen that he was well acquainted with the literary works and especially the mystical works before him and was influenced by them in creating his works. he recited the poems and especially the quatrains of his predecessors in sermons, but his disciples recorded these poems and quatrains in his name. The uncertainty of the attribution of all the quatrains mentioned in Divan-e-Kabir is a point that most researchers in this field have pointed out.
The truth of the matter is that evaluating and criticizing the attributions of quatrains in Divan-e-Kabir requires opening and exploring new and wide paths that for some reasons cannot be imagined as an end; Because compiling the history of Persian quatrains and reviewing them, first of all, it is necessary to have reliable texts, while a large amount of the heritage of Persian quatrains has remained untouched in the treasure of manuscripts in the libraries of Iran and the world. Sources that without examining them, any research done in this field will definitely be incomplete. but by accepting this principle that there is no final word in the field of research and research, one can start a long and wide path and with more research, add to previous achievements and pave the way for future research. In the current research, in order to find the common quatrains of Divan-e-Kabir and other poets' quatrains, in addition to examining their printed Divans, even if possible, several manuscripts of these diVans have also been cited. in addition to divans, previous prose texts and numerous poetry collections were also examined in order to obtain more accurate and reliable results. in this research.
Discussion & Result:
By examining the research done about Rumi's quatrains, we often come to theses and articles in which quatrains from Divan-e-Kabir are mentioned, which do not originally belong to Rumi, in many cases even these quatrains are the main focus of these studies. perhaps one of the main reasons for the scholars' reference to this kind of quatrains is their rhetorical highlights and literary beauty, which attracts the researchers' attention at the very first glance; Therefore, sometimes we see that in some of these articles, most of the references are related to quatrains that belong to previous poets! Therefore, it can be said that the results of such researches about Rumi's quatrains are definitely not scientific and referable.
Undoubtedly, every reader with a good taste, with a curious look at Rumi's quatrains, without checking the previous Persian quatrains, will doubt in attributing some of them to Rumi, and it is possible that such quatrains must belong to another poet; the reason why we are faced with such quatrains in Divan-e-Kabir of Rumi is that most of the mystics in their statements and even in their writings have not been satisfied with Sufi sayings and poems to express their meaning, Rather, they have also paid attention to previous non-Sufi literary works, and have used them to express their high mystical meanings. This point caused the sayings and works of prominent mystics to be mixed with poems and especially quatrains of other Sufi and non-Sufi poets, and some of the literary works of others were wrongly attributed to this category of mystics. Therefore, the more familiar this group of mystics became with poems and quatrains and in general previous literary works, the level of mixing other people's poems with their poems increased. due to the fact that Rumi had memorized in his mind a lot of Persian and even Arabic literary works of his predecessors, Therefore, it is natural that he recited quatrains of previous poets, and his disciples also recorded those quatrains in his name.
Conclusion:
 by examining the previous works, 81 quatrains from Divan-e-Kabir, which belonged to twenty-one poets were determined. Among them, Ohad al-ddin Kermani with 41 quatrains, Attar Neishabouri with 14 quatrains and Afzal ul-ddin Kashani with 4 quatrains have the highest number of quatrains.

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References

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Classical Persian Literature
Volume 15, Issue 2 - Serial Number 39
(Autumn & Winter)
February 2025

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