The Analysis of Linguistic Features of Eastern Variety of Persian Language in Amir Khosrow Dehlavi’s Shirin and Khosrow in comparison with Nizami Ganjavi’s Khosrow and Shirin

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

2 Master Student of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

10.30465/cpl.2024.48390.3290

Abstract

Works of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi are full of distinctive linguistic features that some of them can be related to Eastern Variety of Persian Language. Amir Khosrow Dehlavi and Nizami came from two different periods of time and geographical environments; East and Northwest of Iran. This paper tries to answer these main questions that what are the most prominent linguistic features of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi’s Shirin and Khosrow and to what extent these linguistic differences between Shirin and Khosrow and Khosrow and Shirin can be attributed to the East and the West of Persian language territory. Research findings show a significant relationship between some specific linguistic features in the poems and geographical environments of their composers. For authors, these distinctions are often related to the phonetics and vocabulary and are less related to syntax and phrasing. For instance, the Elision of the initial consonant "Nun", the use of "Nun Sākin" before the relative verb "ast", sukoon or Harekat of some letters, and the specific use of "Istad" can be seen in Amir Khosrow's poetry and is absent in Nizami's poetry. We can also mention the words "Tah" which means "under", "Farvēš", "Tu/Tuy","Xale", "Govārān", "Piš oftād", "Har Hame", "Xeyrbād" and "Pičāk".
Keywords: Nizami Ganjavi, Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, Khosrow and Shirin, Shirin and Khosrow, Linguistic Varieties, Stylistics
Introduction:
Among the common methods for naming and classifying poetic styles, naming based on historical time and geographical environment is very common. By considering two main factors including the time and place of texts, their linguistic features can be compared with each other. In the present article, we have focused on the linguistic characteristics of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi and sought to find the most prominent linguistic differences between him and Nizami, which belongs to two different geographical areas.
Materials & Methods:                                                  
The current research is a textual analysis which uses both quantitative content analysis and computational methods. The descriptive-analytical method will be used for text-analysis. This means that in some parts where the introduction, terminology and background of the research are stated, the descriptive method is used. Furthermore, whenever evidence is brought from the text and the words of other researchers is quoted, the descriptive method is followed. In addition, there are some parts that deal with the analysis of available data and findings, in order to reviewing, comparing and concluding them. In these sections, analytical method will be used. For the purpose of information gathering, authoritative sources including books, magazines, and online published papers and articles are resorted.

Discussion & Result:
In the current research, studying the linguistic features of poems consists of two sections; phonetics and vocabulary. In doing so, some specific pronunciations will be studied in the works of Amir Kosrow Dehlavi and Nizami Ganjavi who lived in two different environments. Secondly, the lexical features will be sought. In this case, some particular vocabulary may be found that originated from the mentioned areas. The research findings show that there is a meaningful relation between the linguistic features of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi (at the phonological and lexical level) and his geographical environment.
Conclusion:
Examining the linguistic features of Shirin and Khosrow in comparison with Khosrow and Shirin, some linguistic differences were obtained that can be related to the geographical differences between the two varieties of Persian language; Eastern and Northwestern. Among the phonetic features of Shirin and Khosrow, we can mention the Elision of the initial consonant "Nun", the use of "Nun Sākin" before the relative verb "ast", sukoon or Harekat of some letters. Also, some words in the poetry of Amir Khosrow and Nizami have different meanings. For example, the different use and meaning of “kūb”, “āšām” and “nifeh/lifeh” is notable in Shirin and Khosrow and Khosrow and Shirin. Among the specific words of Nizami and the northwestern region, we can mention “Amudan” and “Yaqleq”, and among the distinctive words of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi and the eastern and northeastern regions, we can mention the words "Tah" which means "under", "Farvēš", "Tu/Tuy","Xale", "Govārān", "Piš oftād", "Har Hame", "Xeyrbād" and "Pičāk". Evidence shows that there may be linguistic similarities between the two regions of Azerbaijan in the northwest and the regions of Rey and Isfahan. Understanding the linguistic similarities and differences in each geographical area requires more extensive research on different varieties of the Persian language.

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References

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Classical Persian Literature
Volume 15, Issue 1 - Serial Number 38
Spring & Summer
August 2024
Pages 371-401

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