تحلیل استعاره مفهومی«عشق، شهر است» در غزلیات سعدی بر اساس رویکرد معنی‌شناسی شناختی لیکاف و جانسون

According to Lakoff and Johnson's conceptual metaphor theory, conceptual metaphor means perceiving the objective concept of a phenomenon from the domain of "origin" and transferring it to a mental concept in the domain of "destination", and the elements and factors of the connection between these two domains are called "mapping". Love is one of the most important feelings in human life, and the way of looking at love is one of the important topics in poetic and prose literature. The aim of this research is to analyze the conceptual metaphor of "love" in Saadi's sonnets with a cognitive linguistic approach. This research uses a descriptive-analytical method and takes into account the theory of George Lakoff and Johnson to extract and analyze the semantic sub-metaphors in connection with the metaphor of "love is a city". By extracting the mappings and qualitative analysis of the conceptual metaphors of "love is a city" in Saadi's sonnets, it was concluded that the king is the ruler of the city of love in Saadi's sonnets; The ruler of love in Saadi's ghazal has an authoritarian aspect, and whenever he casts a shadow over the souls and hearts of the lovers, he dominates them and brings them into his captivity, and Saadi does not allow reason into his city.
Introduction
Cognitive linguists consider metaphor to be any understanding and comprehension of abstract concepts in a tangible form that has its roots in the conceptual system of the human mind and can be thought about phenomena using metaphors. Therefore, our conceptual system plays an important role in defining everyday realities. Therefore, the way we think and reflect, our daily experiences and actions are aspects that are very dependent on metaphor. Today, cognitive research on metaphor in the analysis of texts, both literary and non-literary, has gained great importance, and efforts have been made in linguistic research and Iranian literary texts by applying the theory of conceptual metaphor. Love is one of the most important abstract concepts that has been mentioned in almost all literary works. Humans use their cultural meanings and biological experiences to make the concept of "love" tangible. In literary or mystical thought, etc., the word "love" takes on various conceptual characteristics and types. Each poet has looked at love from a perspective according to their current situation and position, and has made the conceptual areas of love perceptible with metaphorical expression. The perception of a great poet like Saadi about the concept of love can familiarize us with the intellectual foundations and aspects of the culture of Iranian society in his time.
Materials & Methods
 
 This research aims to analyze the conceptual metaphor of "Love is the city" in Saadi's lyric poetry based on the conceptual metaphor theory of " Lakoff and Johnson ". It also explores and reveals Saadi's conscious or unconscious borrowings of cultural, religious and social meanings with the conceptual metaphor theory of "Love is the city" in Saadi's lyric poetry. This research seeks to answer these questions: What are the macro-metaphors of the conceptual metaphor "Love is the City" and how do they relate to each other in terms of meaning? What explanations are given in the classification and analysis of the mappings and domains of origin of the conceptual metaphor of "Love" in relation to the concepts of "City"?
Discussion& result
 
In Saadi's perception, the commodity of the love market is the unjust and worthless commodity of the soul, which is the only capital of the lover. The only exchangeable commodity in the love market is the lover's soul. The beloved is so great and glorious that the lover's soul is very cheap to give to the beloved. The meeting place of the beloved and the lover in the city of love is the barzan or the love alley; where the lover can see the beloved with joy and happiness. The love alley is a place where the lover loses everything, including the world and the hereafter. It may be said that love is the alley where lovers lose their world and the hereafter. The best place in the city is the lover's alley, which the citizens of the same lovers consider to be this alley. In this metaphor, the concept of expediency is marginalized; since the wise, including the expedient-minded welfare seekers; have no place in the city of love and Saadi advises that they do not wander around the city of love. The law of the city of love is to ban all expediency. The lover and the beloved love without expediency. In Saadi's ghazals, there is a contradictory relationship between love and reason. Reason is outside the city and the realm of love and must be fought against.
Conclusion
Saadi believes in the city of love and a ruler for the city of love. The ruler of the city of love in Saadi's ghazal is understood as the king. Two types of love conflict are depicted in Saadi's ghazal. The first is the conflict of love as a warrior driven by reason from the city of love, and the second is the conflict of love with the lover through the channel and passage of the beloved's beauty. In the conflict of love with the lover, two situations are depicted for the lover's captivity or martyrdom.