Ferdowsi is the greatest poet of the Samanid and early Ghaznavid periods and one of the most famous epic poets in Iran and the world. One of the important points in Ferdowsi's magnificent and great language that has been less addressed is the position of the adverb in the Shahnamah; this article seeks to examine the dualities of adverbs and adjectives in several stories of the Shahnamah. Although common adverbs and adjectives have been studied in grammar books, what has not been addressed much in this regard are cases where the poet, whether intentionally or unintentionally, has placed words and combinations in the structure of sentences and poems in such a way that, by using duality, the word can simultaneously be given two roles: adverbial and descriptive. Therefore, the verses of the Shahnamah in the first volume (the story of Jamshid, Zahhak and Fereydoun), the story of Rostam and Sohrab, Rostam and Esfandiar and the story of Siavash have been studied in a descriptive-analytical manner with the dual approach of adverb-adjective. Among the results of this research is that Ferdowsi has used this method in many cases to strengthen the speech, create an epic atmosphere, create imagery and have a greater impact on the listener and reader. In most cases, the duality of adverb-adjective seems more appropriate for the role of an adverb with an epic structure and tone.
Keywords: Shahnamah, Ferdowsi, adverb, adjective, common adverb, dual reading.
 
Detailed Abstract
1- Introduction
Ferdowsi is the greatest poet of the Samanid and early Ghaznavid periods and one of the greatest poets of Iranian and world literature. One of the important points in Ferdowsi's language is the correct use of the role of words in the sentence structure and also the rhetorical aspect of these uses, including the position of adverbs in Shahnamah and its effect on the stability of the language; especially in cases where common roles such as descriptive and adverbial roles can be considered for a word in poetry and sentences.
2- Materials & Methods
This article seeks to examine the adverb-adjective dualities in several stories of Shahnamah. Although common adverbs and adjectives have been studied in grammar books, what has not been addressed much in this regard are cases where the poet has placed words and combinations in the sentence structure in such a way that, by dual reading, the word can be given both adverbial and descriptive roles at the same time. Therefore, the verses of Shahnameh in the first volume (the story of Jamshid, Zahhak and Fereydoun), the story of Rostam and Sohrab, Rostam and Esfandiar and the story of Siavash have been studied in a descriptive-analytical manner with a dual approach of adverb-adjective.
3- Discussion & Results
In grammar books, when discussing the types of words and the role of words, one of the important cases is the adjective and adverb and its types. Although adverbs are not the main roles, they can have a fundamental role and effect in conveying concepts. Ferdowsi has also made good use of this power and feature of adverbs, so that the way of using adverbs can be a characteristic of Ferdowsi's style and epic language. One of the important topics in grammar books is adverbs and common clauses, and this topic is sometimes studied under the title: "specific adverbs and common adverbs" and sometimes under the title "intrinsic and non-intrinsic adverbs." Regarding the common adverb, some have only mentioned the commonness, but some have also mentioned the cases of commonness in a more detailed way. In this study, the emphasis is more on the common adverb with an adjective, but other cases are also mentioned when appropriate.
Common adverbs with an adjective sometimes take on a dual role in the sentence and in each sentence, depending on the structure and need of the sentence, they sometimes play an adverbial role and sometimes an adverbial role; in any case, they do not have more than one role, either an adverbial or an adverbial, and this is universal in the case of common adverbs and adjectives. But our discussion is not about these common adverbs either, because the task is clear in the sentence, although some words inherently have the possibility of being in both roles separately. Our discussion is where these common adverbs are used in the structure of the verse in such a way that in a single phrase, they can be considered both as an adjective and an adverb, and in a single verse or stanza, there is a double reading in the form of a hint or ambiguity. Sometimes a word is used in two adverbs for two predicates or as an adverb for two objects.
An examination of the subject in the stories mentioned in the Shahnamah shows that in the story of Sohrab, despite having fewer verses, it was used more, and perhaps the reason for this is the more intense battle and epic in the confrontation between the seemingly young Turanian and the Iranian world champion. In other stories, it is used almost in the same way. Of course, the volume of verses in different stories must also be taken into account.
Apart from the dual use of adverb-adjective, other cases can be found in the Shahnamah that have a dual use. From these uses, it can be seen that this feature is not only present in the discussion in question, but also in Ferdowsi's language, this use is present in other cases and can be considered as a kind of stylistic feature of Shahnamah.
4- Conclusion
From examining the issue of the dual use of adjective-adverb in Shahnamah, the following results are obtained:
1- According to the view of most grammarians, the subject of a common adverb is not limited to being common with an adverb, but also has commonality with other words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns, letters, and conjunctions, and therefore the scope of a common adverb is wider than that of an adjective. 2- Ferdowsi, by utilizing the grammatical, linguistic, and structure of epic speech, tries to fill the gaps in some literary works. Among these issues is attention to the grammatical role of words, especially the subject of adverbs and adjectives, and its role in the epic tone. 3- Although grammar books have dealt with the principle of the common adverb and adjective, outside the structure of the poem and the text, one issue has remained hidden from the view of grammarians and reporters of Shahnamah poems, and that is the dual use of adjective and adverb simultaneously in a text, which, given the structure of the text, allows for two interpretations and structures at the same time.
4- Considering Ferdowsi's epic tone, it seems that the principle in Ferdowsi's language moves towards the adverb; because the adverb has a significant impact on the intensity of the impact and the strength of the speech, because the adverb, especially the adverb related to the verb, creates a more epic atmosphere than if it is used as an adjective or noun or letter.
5- One of the linguistic features of Ferdowsi and the Khorasani style is the spacing between the adjective and the predicate, which partly goes back to observing the weight, but sometimes in Ferdowsi's poetry it seems to be for the stability of the epic language, therefore Ferdowsi aims to bring it closer to the adverbial state and emphasis with this use.
6- In examining the verses mentioned in the Shahnamah, we find many cases where these dual or multiple uses exist, and this has caused commentators and reporters of the verses to present various meanings according to their interpretation and reading, and some have not paid attention to this feature; although some have also pointed out some cases.
7- The results of this study will help readers of Ferdowsi's epic poetry, qawwalis and pardesh readers, and linguistic and grammatical researchers of the Shahnamah to pay more attention to the structure of speech because both the reading of a word in the adverbial and descriptive cases is different, and the structure and meaning of the verse will be different.