مسألۀ اضطراب مرگ در شعر و اندیشۀ حافظ

Abstract
Human is the only being that understands time and  knows that the passage of time destroys his existence. Therefore, the issue of understanding "time" has been one of the most serious human problems. Ordinary people "feel" its anxiety, and philosophers and poets try to express it with reasoning and artistic tools. Hafez deals with the issue of time and its effects with an epistemological approach and expresses his thoughts in Divan. In this article, we have analyzed the issue of time, its perception and the anxiety of death in Hafez's thought system. He engages  with time  and finds death not in a long and distant time, but in the essence of human existence and considers the apprehension of death as a terrible and destructive anxiety and after this understanding, he offers a solution to human to reduce the devastating suffer of death. In Hafez's point of view, although human is standing on the edge of the annihilation and his "opportunity" is not much, but by giving quality to this limited life, he can make it voluminous, deep and livable. The only way to make quality time is to be happy despite the reality of death. With this sublime wisdom.
Keywords: time issue, death anxiety, Hafez's poetry and thought, quality of time, pleasure and happiness
Introduction
Only an intelligent man can be aware of the unreal time and understand his existence in the constantly changing time. The terrible result of  this understanding is that the passage of time destroys his existence and takes everything from him. For a man, being in the context of time is like leaving for the land of nothingness. Therefore, the problem of understanding "time" has been one of the oldest and most serious human problems since the era of "Gilgamesh" until now. Understanding time and its effects on our body is what we call "death awareness". We cannot close our eyes and minds to "time" and "death", even if they cause more suffering. Thinking about time, its transience and the certainty of death exists in the open and hidden layers of our minds, whether we are children or young, adults or old. We are in time and it rules our minds. Time takes us with itself without realizing that we are captive by it.
for ordinary people to be in time and then to the last stage of time appears in an anxiety of death or on the contrary, it connects others to the life. Death anxiety means the fear of losing oneself and becoming mortal. Ordinary people only "feel" time and its anxiety, but for intellectuals, whether they are philosophers or poets, time and death have a different meaning. For them, these two are mysterious object. Understanding of  the nature of time and death is one problem, and more importantly, how to cope with them and plan after knowing them has been one of the intellectual pursuits of old and new thinkers. In addition to feeling the passage of time and the certainty of death, they have tried to reconstruct them linguistically in proof and argumentative frameworks or wise poetic perceptions.
Materials & Methods
In this article, we have analyzed Hafez's wise-poetic reflections on "time" and "death" to see how involved his mind and how this introspective conflict crystallized in his wise poetry. We have examined this issue with an analytical method that in some cases also overlaps with hermeneutics.
Discussion & Result
It seems that although Hafez is a poet and measures all the dimensions of the universe and human spheres with imagination and in a poetic language, but when he thinks thoughtfully about the essence of existence and man, he is placed next to the greatest philosophers of the world. Hafez's continuous mental conflict with time and death finally leads to the proposal of a plan that a person should gain his mental, psychological and spiritual peace while understanding the reality of the shortness and passage of time and the undoubted reality of death. He proposes a practical method to achieve this ultimate goal; Of course, this suggestion is a simple but difficult method. He says, remove the causes of sadness as much as you can and provide yourself with the means of happiness as much as you can. With this method, the limited quantity of human life becomes quality, and the quality result of living is to be safe from the anxiety of death and nothingness. Hafez, after thinking about the essence of existence and time, finds them perishable, transitory and limited, and considers death to be a reality at the end of a person's limited life, he succeeds in a liberating theory against existence, time and death. His theory is as follows: Now that the world and time are passing and our duration in existence is limited, we must give quality to life. The quality of life is achieved  by living humanly, being yourself, influencing others and leaving traces of yourself in the world.
Conclusion
The practical solution proposed by him is that by attracting happiness, pleasure and peace and repelling any kind of suffering and sadness and even by joking with the world and death, one should drive away anxiety, and in this way, one can achieve that quality and become an exalted and superior human being. Hafez, after proposing a his theory and a practical solution, acts on this basis and realizes his exalted self by creating lasting poems that have an impact on countless people in his era and subsequent historical periods and in the poetic world as well, he creates a superhuman called "Rend" who is a symbol of an evolved human, in Hafiz's intellectual system, Rend is someone who has benefited from this world and the next world, has reached peace and is aware of the hidden secrets of the world.